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- Nootropic – enhances cognitive functions including heightening intelligence and enhancing memory
- Anxiolyhic – reduces stress and anxiety – calming effect
- Relaxes smooth vascular muscle aiding blood flow
- Analgesic – helps to relieve pain to the extent it is used as a local anesthetic
- Diuretic – promotes excretion of water (urination) which decreases blood volume thereby lowering high blood pressure, also used for fast but typically temporary weight loss
- Anti-inflammatory
- Anti-anxiety and depression with indication that high doses may be adaptogenic
- Anti-convulsant
- Anti-diabetic activity by inhibiting glucose intake from the diet
- Anti-cancer and anti-tumor abilities resulting from cyclotides that cause cell death by disrupting cell membrane integrity
- Anti-pyretic –reduces fever by dilating the blood vessels just beneath the skin which increases blood flow near the surface of the skin where it can be more easily cooled by the air
